Semmelweis Innovations

A person who - without obligation - works out an invention the exploitation of which is part of his employer's range of activities. The right to a patent in case of an applied invention belongs to the inventor, but the employer has the non-exclusive, non-transferable right of exploitation of the invention. (1995. XXXIII. act. 9. § and 1995. XXXIII. act 10. §)

Acquisition of a new skill, original experiment done for a predefined practical goal. (2004. CXXXIV. act 4. §)

An experimental, empirical and theoretical work concentrating on the essence of the phenomenon and the observable facts, aimed at widening scientific skills. It can be:
Pure basic research: research aimed at broadening scientific skills, but not aiming to achieve social or economical benefits or to use results for solving pragmatical problems.
objective basic research: research aimed at widening scientific skills with the probable goal of providing solution to identified or expected, current or future problems. (2004. CXXXIV. act 4. §)

Inventions made of or containing biological material, or method through which biological material is being produced, processed or used. Biological material is any material containing genetic information that is capable of reproduction by itself or can be reproduced in a biological system.

Business angels are well-to-do private individuals who invest in projects based on their own intuitions. Therefore, their decision making process is not as complex as that of risk capitalists'. Average investment of business angels is lower, thus it is best if used for early phase financing of projects. The EBAN (European Business Angel Network) meets regularly, where inventors have the opportunity to show their ideas to potential investors.

Business incubation helps start-up (technology oriented) companies in getting their foot off the ground. Its main goal is to speed up the growth phase and to make innovation processes more efficient. Incubators provide startups with business development services and give them an opportunity to build a network around themselves.

A business plan is a written document that incorporates the ideas of future operations in written and numeric form. In other words, a business plan is a draft of the company's future, which summarizes the business ideas and conceptions, and it aims to prove the reality and doability of these. Strategy has an important role in farseeing, and in the development and establishment of a company. To have an effective operation though, companies need short-term, detailed plans, as well. There are a number of plan-types of which one of the most important is the business plan. Writing a business plan can help the new entrepreneur in phrasing his short-time goals and tasks. A well-planned business plan gives an idea of the anticipated market success. Banks and investors often require a business plan when a company is applying for funds.

It is an industrial organization where members search for opportunities of collaboration in the hopes of collective and mutual benefits. This organization was originated from the Anglo-Saxon countries, and later it became preferred in the EU, as well. Its main principle is the arrangement into networks. Members of a cluster all rely on the same infrastructure, use each others' products and services and utilize similar innovations. Thus they are able to take advantage of the localization (transportation expenses are less, fast flow of information, knowledge exchange and learning-by-doing opportunities).

Collaboration based on the division of contracted labor of part-taking members regulated by civil law, aimed at mutual work on technology-driven innovative projects, or mutual execution of R&D or technology driven innovative projects. (Innovation law 4. § 5.).

Copyright is the area of intellectual property, resulting from activities of creative intellectual work of the author, an original creation in the areas of literature, science and art, - not depending on what type of creation it is - that regulates the protection of authors entitled to rights connected to copyright.
Act No. LXXVI. of 1999on Copyright.

The owner of an invention has exclusive right to exploit the solution of the invention, but the periodic and territorial validity of patent protection are not unlimited. Patent protection is valid up to 20 years starting from the day the patent application was filed and solely in countries where protection was granted. There is no such thing as "World patent".

Due diligence is when a venture capitalist evaluates a project before deciding to invest in it. The goal is to decide the need for finances and strategy. Part of the analysis is the evaluation of threats and opportunities, conflict of interest, the attributes of the management team, the setting of market price, and the reviewing of patent protection and other legal matters.

Based on the provisions of accounting law an invention is exploited when a tangible output is produced, distributed, offered for distribution, kept in storage or imported for distribution purposes; when a method is in use or offered for use, or a product using the invented method is being produced or sold, offered for sale or being stored for distribution purposes, or being imported (Szt. 19. § (2). According to the law of design protection a product produced in accordance of design, and its usage, sale, offer for sale, import, export and storage is considered to be exploitation of that product. (Fmtv. 16. § (3).
Authorial works: exploitation is the permitted use of the work (copying, propagating, public presentation, public viewing, public viewing through a different organization, the remake, exhibition), and the sale of property rights or part of the property rights.

A company established and partially owned by a government supported R+D infrastructure that is established to help in exploiting results of R+D (Act No. CXXXIV of 2004.4.)

The appearance of a product or part of a product that is the result of the product's exterior characteristics and ornaments (design, contour, shape, surface, characteristics of materials used) can get design protection if it's new and distinguished. (Act XLVIII of 2001, par. 1. on the Protection of Designs)

The word is originated from Latin, meaning to renew, to alter. According to the definition of OECD innovation is an idea turning into a new or renewed marketable product, or new or renewed process used in industry and trade, or a new approach to a social service. According to another definition, innovation is the process of using knowledge, the renewal and enlargement of existing products and services and their markets, new adaptation used in production, distribution, marketing, management, organizations and work conditions, and the renewal and expansion of the professional skills of the work force.

Innovation chain is the connection between different parts of entrepreneurial activities following the innovation process. The entire R+D+I chain can be divided into three main groups:
-gaining new skills,
-development of new methods and products,

Basic and applied research cannot be contrasted with one another, nor separated in time or in operation when talking about an act of innovation producing efficient and marketable products. The innovation process continuously requires ideas, control and feedback of basic research, and basic research continuously needs inspiration and challenge of applied research.

A jurisdiction regarding intellectual work that has a similar structure to proprietary rights, that comes into existence when obtaining patent, or when taking steps to keep a given intellectual work confidential, or when a copyright comes into existence protecting intellectual work.
Intellectual property is an area of law within civil law, that - by providing exclusive rights to property and the person - provides rightful protection to inventors of intellectual work.

Creations and mechanical solutions that are eligible to get patented (Patent, Utility Model Protection, Plant Variety Protection, Design Protection, Topography Protection), or are protected by Copyright, including situations when due to the aim and opportunities of the project keeping the solution confidential is more practical than patenting. Know-how can be protected as an intellectual work, as well.

Any new inventions using any technologies as long as useful for industry can be patented. Discovery, scientific theory, mathematical method, aesthetic creations, plan of intellectual work, business process, or toy, regulation or method, and software and the visualization of information cannot be patented. (1995.XXXIII. act 1. §)

Know-how is an economical, mechanical and organizational knowledge and experience that can be used in practice, has limited access and is protected by patent until becomes common property. Know-how can be sold, it is negotiable. [Ptk. 86. § (4) bek.]

Collaboration of universities, entrepreneurships and other organizations dealing with scientific research or innovation aimed to carry out focused R+D and innovative tasks.

Entitlement based on exploitation contract (contract of license), in which the one entitled to copyright or patent gives someone permit for exploitation for a fee. Entitled gives up the right of exploitation or use fully or partially, and can limit usage in time or space.

An act of The Hungarian Patent Office disclosing the state of technics, or other words disclosing all public information, which becomes public before the date of primacy of the examined application, and is essential for the judgement of the solution and related act of invention.

An international contract signed in 1978 to make the patenting process faster, cheaper and more reliable in case patenting in multiple countries. Currently there are 128 members of the contract, Hungary has been a member since 1980. According to the contract one can report an international patent, it is followed by international novelty search and international disclosure, and the reporter can request a so called international pre-examination.

An act relying on knowledge gained from research and/or experience aimed at creating new materials, products, methods, systems and services, or significantly renewing existing ones. (2004. CXXXIV. act 4. §)

The aim of pre-seed funds is to help the exploitation of scientific results, and while defining opportunities of exploitation preparing the project owners for entrepreneurship and investment of capital. Most often it is used for patenting, market-research, preparation of business plans and establishment of companies.

Besides providing the necessary funds the investor of private equity takes part in the management of the company, as well. The investors of private equity target companies not yet present on the stock market, and stay for a 3-7 year time period. The investor is not interested in the maximization of its dividends, but in the fast company development and growth in value. Private equity leaves the company by selling its shares. There is a smaller branch of private equity called venture capital. Venture capitalists usually invest in the early stages of a company. The investment in a more valuable stage of a company is called the developmental capital.

A prototype exhibits the functions of a product in a relatively developed phase. It is an original model that is constructed to have all the mechanical parameters and achievements of the product-to-be. A non-commercial prototype is in a mechanically ready state, but due to some changes still to be done cannot yet be marketed. A commercial prototype can be marketed without any changes.

Research and development (R+D) is a preplanned, systematically built creative activity. Its aim is to broaden knowledge (basic and applied research), and to create a new or significantly developed product, method or service (experimental development). (2004. CXXXIV. act 4. §)

A natural person who is dealing with the creation or development of a new skill, intellectual work, product, service, method or system, and the management of the execution of projects stemming from the creation or development. (2004. CXXXIV. act 4. §)

The aim of seed fund is to allow the continuation of individual research or development, to help the creation of the required mechanical and economical analyses, realistic business plan and the establishment of a company.

It is an invention made by a person who, by reason of his employment, is under the obligation to develop solutions in the field of the invention. The right to a patent for a service invention belongs to the employer as successor in title to the inventor. (Act XXXIII. of 1995, Articles 9 and 10)

Technology transfer means to get technology to the market, but it also means to transfer new knowledge and skills. Part of the process is the exchange of skills and things allowing users to create new products or services. Not only the exchange of skills and knowledge, but the exchange of objective knowledge (equipment, machinery, methods) is part of the definition.

A trademark is any sign which can be represented graphically and which - in the course of trade - can distinguish the goods or services from those of other undertakings. Such signs may include words, including personal names, designs, letters, and the shape of goods and their packaging. It is a basic tool of the economic competition and plays very important role in marketing and advertisement.

The Utility Model Protection is a legal protection for new technical solutions not reaching the level of a patentable invention. By virtue of utility model protection, the owner of the said protection has, as provided for by legislation, the exclusive right to exploit the utility model or to license another person to exploit it. The protection has a term of 10 years, then the utility model becomes part of the public domain.

Value for money is the measure of efficiency of the exploitation oriented R+D projects, expressing the rate of return of a public investment. Often the judgement depends on the person in charge of the evaluation, since the results of R+D are only visible in the long run, often are not visible in a financial sense at all, and results frequently show up only later at a different organization.